Rough Notes, and posts to be referenced from elsewhere, on VBA Windows API
Rough Notes on VBA Windows API Introduction Part 1
If, for now we restrict ourselves, to the subject area of Excel VBA Windows API, we can consider us to be talking most often about another, and/or similar to other ways, ( such as the so called External shared libraries ), to control or communicate with things outside of Excel, or even sometimes in Excel.
More broadly speaking we are controlling or communicating with windows. (An existing window is often seen as based on a Class, and we are messing with the window/ manipulating the window, so what we are doing may sometimes be regarded as Sub Classing)
Manipulating "Windows”.
It would appear initially that the word “Windows” is a name for a programming idea which might result in something we “see” as what we conceive as Windows. But, a window is a vague concept. It includes what we see as windows and other things.
Manipulating of the actual “Windows” seems the key to pseudo “making my own” Class or of a API Function or a Window thing from it
Doing this in any language is a task for a computer genius, and in Visual Basic, (In particular Visual Basic for Applications), the documentation is very sparse. But “ API User 32 dll Programs” would appear to make this possible.
It would appear that direct linked libraries (dll) are available to run as and when required, hence the wording of direct link: They are used as an efficient means to organise Microsoft’s software generally allowing different Applications to share smaller programs which are shipped as standard with the Microsoft Windows Operating system. They are however also available to programmers, programming the applications. Hence Application Programming Interface
There are some similarities between a .dll file and a .exe file. The main difference is that we usually need to organise how and when it is used in Windows, hence I say Manipulating "Windows"
API , “API Calls”
Such things get bundled up in an imprecise intimidating term API, for Application Programming Interface. They are usually contained in a Folder with a name similar to User 32.
Another seemingly intimidating phrase is “API call”. You may hear the term “I am using API calls”. It just means usually that you are using those things and related “Windows” concept
I have been told by some professionals that in actual fact these Library programs are organised in a similar way to the Libraries that one can pseudo Import by “checking a reference” in the list of available to VBA code libraries. However by some subtlety that they are not sure about they cannot be used in a code in the way of through declaring ( Dim ing ) them and then after assigning a variable using that variable to “get at” the various Methods / Functions inside them. Perhaps they are slightly more run time things, even though I have heard that the other Libraries are as well. Perhaps it can depend on the exact thing.
When we are involved with VBA, it is difficult sometimes perhaps to distinguish between an end user and a professional programmer. The so called External shared libraries may be regarded as for the end user, whereas the API things could be regarded as intended for a programmer.
In place of the normal declaring ( Dim ing ) that would be within a routine, in the case of the Library programs being used here, you must do a sort of initial globial type Declaration.
Declareing Declare Type Functions
You don’t always need the AliAs bit in these things. ( It just means _ this Lib "user32" _ Ali As ¬_ “that” _ (that is the Microsoft name , this is any name that I choose to use) ). Occasionally something can only be done to the AliAs where numbers and variable used to refer to things are concerned. It is subtle general point in computing that you might get problems when a number is used to refer to something that might take or give a number at some point. But you might need to do that, so having an intermediate word is a workaround for that so that the number is set to a word which is then related to a word that might be being referred to or returning a number.
Function = Word
Word = 873248
So the Function can be referred to by a number indirectly, --- occasionally this may not be possible directly, --- Function =837547 might error for subtle computer reasons.
It seems to do no harm to use an AliAs when you don’t need it and it helps to make a code prettier.
Once Declared you can think of them to a first approximation as a function written in a code module in the Folder on your computer with the name something like “User32” or “User32dll” or similar. You then use them to a very crude approximation as you would any conventional function that you may have made and which is typically in a VBA code module, like pseudo
_ x = SetWindowsHookExample( 3 , y , _..__…… etc )
x would need to be a variable declared at the top of the module I think, as would possibly be some of the signature line arguments in the Function, but note those arguments could also be a pseudo function, - pseudo as the address/ location of the function is given. (That function may, for example, be set off by something going on in a window at some point). The possibilities and construction of the signature line in a API Declare Function line are not as simply defined as in a standard VBA Function
For use in a normal code you can use Private or Pubic. As in convectional VBA Functions Pubic will not confine the use of the function to the macro module in which it is in.
For a class code module, such as a worksheet code module ( To get there, right click the worksheet's tab and select View Code ), these Declare type functions must be Private
Owned “Windows”, and/ or z order.
It is well above my knowledge to explain all concepts here, and as noted some things will have to be read as “on the tin” or in other words its faecile value.
A Pop up is apparently always the one on top of to be seen ( “above on the screen “z axis” “ , - as a approximation the z axis is in the direction looking at it ) of the Window to which they belong and they always “belong”” to a parent window… well maybe something is not quite clear there…
It is not always clear what “z option” does what, and even professionals sometimes seem to choose it from trial and error .
But anyway these are two things that will need to be taken into the equation… or rather the “API calls” that we do..
Hooking a “Window” to Handle it ..Computer Bollox terminology.
I have needed to get some terms undefined correctly. Words like Handle and Hook are computer terms similar to the word Bollox in normal language and can be used alone or in conjunction with other words to have some meaning possibly in the context in which they are used but cannot have any precise meaning. Defining them as some computer bollox to do with handling and identifying Windows is a useful way to understand these terms.
Some handle bollox will need to be taken into the equation… or rather the “API calls” that I do..
Some published literature even supports my somewhat naive and critical resume, saying the words can mean a number of things. In our case the handle can be thought a number identifying a Window. A Hook can be thought of as hook or trip trap placed in some run or chain of events cause shuddering or jerking off of a procedure.
Handleing
When doing VBA Windows API coding, a "handle" seems to play a major role. It is an identification number / address/ pointer , or similar, which is required in much coding, as one might reasonably expect, in order that a coding knows which window or windows that we want to manipulate. One problem/s is that, although a window may have some known fixed name, this number is more often what is required in coding, and those numbers are not fixed, but rather are somehow generated and given each time to a software when it us running so that that software can access the windows, without us knowing any specific memory location/ address of things. Possibly that is done to make it more difficult to hack things . We are not privy to exactly how the numbers are generated, so we can consider them as random. ( Not all possible numbers are used, so it is possible that the same number is re used, but it is random chance if it is).
To make things worse,
_ getting the number seems to be not always reliable, and not all things that should do work.
_ to get at most windows would require some sort of navigating of an explorer tree like structure.
There are several API functions, that is to say Declareation Functions available to get the handle, and one or more may need to be used for a particular coding situation.
So getting the handle/ using handle related Declareation Functions can be a good start point when learning VBA Windows
Dumping Logs. Recurring Excample
Dumping Logs for support of this Thread Post:
http://www.excelfox.com/forum/showth...0476#post10476
Test Function used to produce the Log below
Code:
'Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc - Copy number_GlobinalCntChopsLog - a few copies of this are made and run. (Recursion)
'_-=Rem 4===================??? Got me hook lochprocedue in my code , 5 times simple run then another + 29 new copies of it are run = 5+30=35 times in total calling it it a few times http://www.excelfox.com/forum/showthread.php/1324-Loop-Through-Files-In-A-Folder-Using-VBA#post10421 .... wanking myself up and down a few times
Private Function HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc(ByVal lMsg As Long, ByVal wParam As Long, ByVal lParam As Long) As Long ' ByVal CopyNumberFroNxtLvl As Long) As Long
Let GlobinalCntChopsLog = GlobinalCntChopsLog + 1: Debug.Print " Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc"; GlobinalCntChopsLog; "(1Msg"; lMsg; ", wParam"; wParam; ", lParam"; lParam; ") Function Copy Number_"; GlobinalCntChopsLog
'If GlobinalCntChopsLog = 2 Then Let GlobinalCntChopsLog = GlobinalCntChopsLog - 1: UnHookWindowsHookCodEx hHookTrapCrapNumber: Exit Function
If lMsg = 5 Then '_-.... ( Hook type: HCBT_ACTIVATE = 5 but not here?) ... this runs a further 29 copies of HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrap all coming here, so 30 times in total
Debug.Print "Expose Interface"; Tab(30); GlobinalCntChopsLog
SetWindowPosition wParam, 0, poX, pussY, 400, 150, 40 ' SWP_NOZORDER is 4 .. but not here?? 'SWP_NOSIZE + SWP_NOZORDER ' Pull the Chainge position ...
UnHookWindowsHookCodEx hHookTrapCrapNumber ' Release the Hook 30 times this is done
Else
Debug.Print "No InterOfCourse"; Tab(30); GlobinalCntChopsLog; Tab(50); hHookTrapCrapNumber
End If ' 5 times here then '_-....
Debug.Print "Wipe chain WRap"; Tab(30); GlobinalCntChopsLog; Tab(50); hHookTrapCrapNumber
Let HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc = 0 ' Done 5+30=35 times in total '0 (or False) makes it work, all other numbers and I get no Message box
Let GlobinalCntChopsLog = GlobinalCntChopsLog - 1
End Function ' HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc
Code:
---------------------------
MutsNuts AkaApi working ApplicationPromptToRangeInputBox
---------------------------
Select Range
---------------------------
OK
---------------------------
WndNumber 66770 HandleWndOfMyParent 983700 hWndDskTop 66204 hHookTrapCrapNumber
State of Much Such Penialtration's Number HookCodeXcretion's
================== AliAs Pull of my chain AliAs my long Hook
0
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 1 (1Msg 3 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2353392 ) Function Copy Number_ 1
No InterOfCourse 1 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 1 276039693
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 1 (1Msg 3 , wParam 1377832 , lParam 2353500 ) Function Copy Number_ 1
No InterOfCourse 1 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 1 276039693
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 1 (1Msg 3 , wParam 3934358 , lParam 2353500 ) Function Copy Number_ 1
No InterOfCourse 1 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 1 276039693
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 1 (1Msg 3 , wParam 984706 , lParam 2353480 ) Function Copy Number_ 1
No InterOfCourse 1 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 1 276039693
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 1 (1Msg 9 , wParam 3934358 , lParam 66766 ) Function Copy Number_ 1
No InterOfCourse 1 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 1 276039693
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 1 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2353812 ) Function Copy Number_ 1
Expose Interface 1
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 2 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2353500 ) Function Copy Number_ 2
Expose Interface 2
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 3 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2353188 ) Function Copy Number_ 3
Expose Interface 3
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 4 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2352876 ) Function Copy Number_ 4
Expose Interface 4
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 5 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2352564 ) Function Copy Number_ 5
Expose Interface 5
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 6 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2352252 ) Function Copy Number_ 6
Expose Interface 6
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 7 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2351940 ) Function Copy Number_ 7
Expose Interface 7
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 8 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2351628 ) Function Copy Number_ 8
Expose Interface 8
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 9 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2351316 ) Function Copy Number_ 9
Expose Interface 9
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 10 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2351004 ) Function Copy Number_ 10
Expose Interface 10
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 11 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2350692 ) Function Copy Number_ 11
Expose Interface 11
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 12 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2350380 ) Function Copy Number_ 12
Expose Interface 12
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 13 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2350068 ) Function Copy Number_ 13
Expose Interface 13
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 14 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2349756 ) Function Copy Number_ 14
Expose Interface 14
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 15 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2349444 ) Function Copy Number_ 15
Expose Interface 15
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 16 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2349132 ) Function Copy Number_ 16
Expose Interface 16
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 17 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2348820 ) Function Copy Number_ 17
Expose Interface 17
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 18 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2348508 ) Function Copy Number_ 18
Expose Interface 18
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 19 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2348196 ) Function Copy Number_ 19
Expose Interface 19
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 20 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2347884 ) Function Copy Number_ 20
Expose Interface 20
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 21 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2347572 ) Function Copy Number_ 21
Expose Interface 21
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 22 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2347260 ) Function Copy Number_ 22
Expose Interface 22
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 23 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2346948 ) Function Copy Number_ 23
Expose Interface 23
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 24 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2346636 ) Function Copy Number_ 24
Expose Interface 24
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 25 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2346324 ) Function Copy Number_ 25
Expose Interface 25
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 26 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2346012 ) Function Copy Number_ 26
Expose Interface 26
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 27 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2345700 ) Function Copy Number_ 27
Expose Interface 27
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 28 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2345388 ) Function Copy Number_ 28
Expose Interface 28
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 29 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2345076 ) Function Copy Number_ 29
Expose Interface 29
Going a HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrapRuc 30 (1Msg 5 , wParam 2623104 , lParam 2344764 ) Function Copy Number_ 30
Expose Interface 30
Wipe chain WRap 30 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 29 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 28 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 27 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 26 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 25 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 24 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 23 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 22 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 21 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 20 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 19 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 18 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 17 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 16 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 15 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 14 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 13 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 12 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 11 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 10 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 9 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 8 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 7 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 6 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 5 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 4 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 3 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 2 276039693
Wipe chain WRap 1 276039693
_-.__________________________________
Windows Handleing Info:
Code:
' 1b) To hang in the Excel Window malking it effectively a Excel Msgbox... Normally if I did not do this ... don't do this .. that is to say leave it at 0 , specifically no window is 0 , and it "hanging in mid air so isn't even if it is imaginatively speaking
Public Declare Function FindWndNumber Lib "user32" Alias "FindWindowA" (Optional ByVal lpClassName As String, Optional ByVal lpWindowName As String) As Long
Dim HandleWndOfMyParent As Long ' I wanted to comment this 1b)(i) and ( 1b(ii) later ) out to leave it hanging in mid air in a virtual inadvirtual not thereness ... but somehow this complicated hook stuff does hang it somwhere but not in my Excel Window but I don't know what my parent's fart has to do with anything
' 1d) For some Misc experiments
Private Declare Function FindWindowExtremeNutty Lib "user32" Alias "FindWindowExA" (ByVal hWnd1 As Long, ByVal hWnd2 As Long, ByVal lpsz1 As String, ByVal lpsz2 As String) As Long
Dim WndNumber As Long, hWndDskTop As Long
Code:
Sub AkaApiApplicationPromptToRangeInputBox() ' This one works.. but HTF
' 1b(ii) This section is some how over written in / by the section part or some strange Addressing of HoldYaBackCalledYaBackClapTrap
Let WndNumber = FindWndNumber(lpClassName:=vbNullString, lpWindowName:=vbNullString)
Let HandleWndOfMyParent = FindWndNumber(lpClassName:="XLMAIN", lpWindowName:=vbNullString) ' This is a case where vbNullstring is important - that signifies that I am not giving it, which i do not have to. The second option is a bit flaky and does not often work. it certainly won't work if you make it "" as that is a specific string of zero. Null is a special idea in computing of not set yet / not defined - that is required if I do not want to give it
' 1d) Just some experiments, I forgot why as my brain has goine comfortably numb
Dim HeavyWindBreak As Long: Let HeavyWindBreak = HandleWndOfMyParent
Let hWndDskTop = FindWindowExtremeNutty(HandleWndOfMyParent, 0&, "XLDESK", vbNullString)
Debug.Print "WndNumber"; WndNumber; " HandleWndOfMyParent"; HandleWndOfMyParent; " hWndDskTop"; hWndDskTop; " hHookTrapCrapNumber"
Rem 3 Mess with me hook? God knows what this all does and it seems to make no difference if the proXYs poX or pussY are before or after SetWindowsHooksExample
2 Attachment(s)
Rough Notes on VBA Windows API Introduction Part 2 Handles, hwnd number
Rough Notes on VBA Windows API Introduction Part 2 Handles, hwnd number
Arguably one of the most important things in VBA Windows API to get familiar with is this number, the number that gets given to a window when it opens**, or probably better said, most windows associated with a software get given their own one of these unique identifying numbers, - note: - they get a new one every time the software starts
The subject we are considering here is controlling windows, and in order to do this, the API functions we are using will almost certainly need this number, and sometimes a few of them. Typically, the Long type variable used is given the name hwnd - It is very common to see this variable name, but only because it is often used, - it is not some reserved word, or it might be somewhere other than VBA. (So in writings, even mine, it may be referring specifically to a variable, or just a handle(s) in general ,so it might get carelessly written like hwnd or hwnd, although generally I try to keep the hwnd format for coding
Perhaps 3 important points should be made clear right from the start
1_ Whilst this number can, for any window, be used in our coding, ( or anything else communicating with windows ), to refer to / get / communicate etc. with that window directly, the particular number used is not fixed forever for that window. **It is given when the window comes into existence, and if the software creating it is then closed and re-opened, a new number will be given. It can be thought of as a semi random number given when the window is created, ( semi because the process giving the number follows certain rules ), and that particular number will only be valid for the duration of the software running. So generally, we cannot get that number somehow and then have a fixed number in our coding to always use. Instead we must either
__ use a third party software to get the number, and then each time we run our VBA coding we must enter that in
, or
__ the coding itself will need to get/find that number by some means, ( for example using a API function that uses some other property of the window to return the hwnd, or using some combination of API functions to loop through some windows and use some criteria to select the one we want)
2_ Similarly again, whilst this number can, for any window, be used in our coding, ( or anything else communicating with windows ), to refer to / get / communicate etc. with that window directly, point 2_ is that windows are generally organised in a explorer/ hierarchical way, and for some low level windows software innards reasons, if we want to get the handle with our VBA coding, we may need to "walk the tree" or go in steps to get it. This means that we often see a hwnd argument in a API function that we might use to get the handle, and the handle in that variable will likely be that of a window somewhere "near" the one which is being found by that API function. So if we were wanting the handle of a window that is a few "levels down" in the hierarchy, we would likely have a few API function lines, and the handle got from one line would be fed to the next, pseudo like
hwnd2 = Function(hwnd1, arga, argb)
hwnd3 = Function(hwnd2, argx, argy)
hwnd4 = Function(hwnd3, argz, argy)
( Since a VBA coding works from right to left, and because we are usually only interested in the final hwnd, you will often see such code lines simplified to use the same variable, hwnd, pseudo like
hwnd = Function(hwnd, arga, argb)
hwnd = Function(hwnd, argx, argy)
hwnd = Function(hwnd, argz, argy) )
It is important not to get those last two points mixed up: We don’t have to delve into the hierarchy to reference a window if we have the hwnd; but we may need to do so if we want to get that hwnd with our coding. This latter point is often missed when learning or initially using simple API codings, since we may be just working at the same "level" on our desktop, ( although this "level" word needs to be used lightly/ carefully , - we may conceive it to be things we "see", whereas we may have "invisible" windows and also there may be other "level -type" organisations of the windows not strictly part of the hierarchical windows structure, for example the "z – order" which is the order in which windows are "seen on top of eachother" ). In some blogs and documentation we would sometimes say we usually begin at the top-level window if writing coding, although smart people with good deep down knowledge of computers might not like the sound of that.
I think in most all day use we can generally regard, at least in Layman terms, that the desktop is "where we mostly are" and that this desktop is the top level, so the hierarchical nature and this strange need to "walk the tree" is often over looked. Its perhaps worth noting that one of the few simple APi functions taking no arguments, that the average user may come across is the GetDesktopWindow which returns the handle of the desktop. Most other handle getting API functions require arguments that often need some thinking about
3_ I forgot the third point, I will add it later
The hierarchical structure, Spy software and other third party software/ lists/ explanations
Before getting into some demonstrative coding, we can look at some useful third party tools
_ API function lists and explanations:
https://eileenslounge.com/viewtopic....322050#p322050
ApiViewer 2004 https://app.box.com/s/qbz657wp505n4vdgp3rg67dltksma5wx
https://eileenslounge.com/viewtopic....322151#p322151
http://allapi.mentalis.org/apilist/apilist.php http://allapi.mentalis.org/apilist/apilist.php
API-Gude 3.7
https://app.box.com/s/3orl65g0rzwktbi39ser8qdu46rshp0y
https://app.box.com/s/bufdyf643jujd86iuloztwhscvicwb34
https://app.box.com/s/ckt6a0p57245j879wvuit7s4vi9n0oxt
https://app.box.com/s/jr5aoc3nsdzziqb2spgmtxnyinuxseui
_Spys
These crawl the operating system: It gives a view of your systems processes, Threads, Windows and other messages
The main thing the commonly called spy programs are used for is a graphical view of the window things and window like things, - remember the term is not restricted to the obvious rectangular things we experience:
There are a few. You have a graphical view of your systems processes, Threads, Windows and other messages
( https://youtu.be/C43btudYyzA?list=PL...fDnMdnOs&t=178 )
The standard one is Microsoft Spy++. I have not figured out yet how to get it working without Visual Studio bloat. (I will try later). It does give nice view of the Hierarchical structure.
At the other extreme there is a small portable, winspy, ( https://app.box.com/s/kmkjg0djef8je9lpcrp2ufm80sjv5l4y ) , with a slightly different view.
https://i.postimg.cc/nhPrHqYr/winspy...rosoft-Spy.jpg Attachment 6129
https://i.postimg.cc/k5R4DDfc/winspy...rosoft-Spy.jpg https://i.postimg.cc/k5R4DDfc/winspy...rosoft-Spy.jpg
I am not sure yet of advantages / disadvantages, of either, but I have a feeling that Microsoft Spy++ and some of the installable larger alternatives my sometimes cause some problems / crashes.
It can be useful to use the Spys ++ initially early on so as to see the hierarchical structure, as a self made coding for that might come at a later intermediate level or advanced level. However for an intermediate / beginner level, we can look at the top-level window, as long as we bear in mind the points made about the hierarchical structure and the likely need to "walk the tree", we can get some useful beginner information and understanding if we write a coding for that. The danger can be doing this simple codings before the points about the hierarchical structure and the likely need to "walk the tree", as I did originally, but 6 years later, 2024, I am making better progress, amongst other reasons due to some better more enlightened help. ( https://eileenslounge.com/viewtopic....322075#p322075 )
A "Top level" window handle getting program
This one has had a few discussions and versions
https://eileenslounge.com/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=41610
https://www.excelfox.com/forum/showt...ll=1#post24921
https://www.excelfox.com/forum/showt...ll=1#post24925
Here is another version
https://www.excelfox.com/forum/showt...ll=1#post24926
The main new or changed features of this version are a few more explaining comments, and in the first column, the hwnd number is additionally given in Hexagonorrhoea and (2' compliment) binary. For the normal column width these extra numbers are not visible, but they are there for reference because:
_ Spy's typically have Hexagonorrhoea so it is convenient for comparisons
_ I want to jeep my eye on the binary to see if there are any typical values / patterns
If I run that coding at a time and conditions on my computer, similar to those as I made those Screenshots above, and compare for example the numbers for an open Notepad text file, then we can see some good correlation with the top level results
https://i.postimg.cc/BbtGWnqr/Good-c...-my-coding.jpg ( Full handle numbers: 224003622 D5A0626 00001101010110100000011000100110 )
https://i.postimg.cc/GT0fGrTK/Good-c...-my-coding.jpg Attachment 6130
The window Title also seems in agreement
_____ Workbook: GetHwndClassNameCaptionHwnd.xls ( Using Excel 2013 32 bit )
| 224003622 D5A0626 00001101010110100000011000100110 |
Notepad |
Neues Textdokument.txt - Editor |
224003622 |
We can see however that the coding only gets us the top level information. We can often get at that information with coding, we must just remember the important point that in coding we must do it in steps, "walking the tree"
In the coding and associated forum Thread posts there is some general top level coding with explanations.
In the next post we will do some shorter simple coding, getting and using handles for that text file
2 Attachment(s)
Handles, hwnd stuff examples
"FindWindowA"
When discussing handles, the API function "FindWindowA" is perhaps one of the most common, and since obtaining a handle is a very common action in API coding, then it is perhaps one of the most common API functions.
Let us remind ourselves what this handle, hwnd is about, in particular with API VBA coding: Knowing this unique identifying number, we can interact in many ways with a window via API functions: we can do many things to, or get properties from, a window, but we will usually need to give the API function the identifying number so it knows which window.
We could get this number via Third party software and use that in any coding to get directly at any window, but that is of limited use since a different handle number will be given for any window every time it is open.
If we want to use a coding to consistently interact with a window, the coding will need to get the handle, or handles that we need, (and an important side issue to remember is that we generally can only get a handle with an immediate relation to another handle, so if we want a handle some way down the hierarchy, then we will have to do it in a multi-line stepping process, sometimes referred to as "walking the tree" )
All three of the code lines below will get the handle of a window in the current level , typically in such an example, the current level is the desktop. – So I am not "walking the tree" here, - I am simply showing three argument choice alternatives for the same single code line. For this to work you will need to have open Notepad with a file named Neues Textdokument.txt . It doesn’t matter where that file is stored but it does need to be open, showing on the desktop , and note importantly, if using the argument lpWindowName, then you must use the window name you see, and that may be a bit different to the file name. In this example it is Neues Textdokument.txt - Editor
If you do not have the text file open, then the code lines will not error, but you will just get 0 for the handle number.
With that ext file open, If the coding works as it should, you will see in the Immediate window, similar numbers to those I have indicated in the 'comments, but they are unlikely to be exactly the same
Code:
Option Explicit
Private Declare Function FindWndNumber Lib "user32" Alias "FindWindowA" (Optional ByVal lpClassName As String, Optional ByVal lpWindowName As String) As Long
Sub TextAPI() '
Dim HdlTextFile As Long, MsgRef As Long
Let HdlTextFile = FindWndNumber(lpClassName:="Notepad", lpWindowName:=vbNullString): Debug.Print HdlTextFile & " " & Hex(HdlTextFile) ' 224003622 D5A0626
Let HdlTextFile = FindWndNumber(lpClassName:="Notepad", lpWindowName:="Neues Textdokument.txt - Editor"): Debug.Print HdlTextFile & " " & Hex(HdlTextFile) ' 224003622 D5A0626
Let HdlTextFile = FindWndNumber(lpClassName:=vbNullString, lpWindowName:="Neues Textdokument.txt - Editor"): Debug.Print HdlTextFile & " " & Hex(HdlTextFile) ' 224003622 D5A0626
End Sub
In that coding the lpWindowName is what typically is seen as the window title, lpClassName is technically a Class of sorts , it can sometimes be easily related to the thing running, in this case Notepad, but the name is not always so obvious, for example Excel is XLMAIN and Word is really weird, OpusApp
https://www.eileenslounge.com/viewto...322424#p322424
There are two ( three ** ) main things to be learnt from the next coding below, one is new, the other is something important already touched on a few times, the "walking the tree" idea.
(** An extra thing to clarify another point made few times, has come I by chance: In between the next coding and the last coding, the Laptop was restarted. I opened windows/ software similarly to how they had previously been. Never the less, none of the handles obtained in the last coding are any use to us: Even though the first main code line actually is identical to one in the previous coding, the handle obtained is different : A different handle number is given for any window every time it is open.)
FindWindowEx
Hopefully this new coding will get one ( two** ) important point finally clear at this early stage: Although we can directly reference any window anywhere if we know its handle, we will usually need to determine it in the same coding that uses it, and functions are only available to find the handle in close relation to another, so we must ("walk the tree”).
FindWindowEx is one of the commonest functions to do that. As often with such a function , the first argument required is the handle of the nearby window to that which we want.
( A phenomena ( Null , Empty , Long zero 0& , vbNullString etc ) , will also briefly be mentioned that we see for the first time in one of its guises here )
As example, we consider the same open text file that we considered. Here is a view ( using portable winspy ), opening up all + to revel the full "tree"
https://imgur.com/6Cq1Dj7 https://i.imgur.com/s7qbFaJ.jpeg
The first thing we see, seems to be something like the main window we might be familiar with. So that might be a useful one to have the handle of, https://i.postimg.cc/LX5Q1c5W/Notepad-Edit-window.jpg
In the coding below, the first main line is the code line of the last coding, and note the handle I obtained is shown in the ' comments, is different to that previously obtained.
https://i.postimg.cc/CL3LBDpc/Sub-Text-API.jpg Attachment 6137 https://i.postimg.cc/ZCLhXWRN/Sub-Text-API.jpg
Code:
Option Explicit
Private Declare Function FindWndNumber Lib "user32" Alias "FindWindowA" (Optional ByVal lpClassName As String, Optional ByVal lpWindowName As String) As Long
Private Declare Function FindWindowEx Lib "user32" Alias "FindWindowExA" (ByVal hWnd1 As Long, ByVal hWnd2 As Long, ByVal lpsz1 As String, ByVal lpsz2 As String) As Long
Sub TextAPI() '
Dim HdlTextFile As Long, MsgRef As Long
Let HdlTextFile = FindWndNumber(lpClassName:="Notepad", lpWindowName:="Neues Textdokument.txt - Editor"): Debug.Print HdlTextFile & " " & Hex(HdlTextFile) ' 984776 F06C8
Dim HdlEdit As Long
Let HdlEdit = FindWindowEx(hWnd1:=HdlTextFile, hWnd2:=0, lpsz1:="Edit", lpsz2:=""): Debug.Print HdlEdit & " " & Hex(HdlEdit) ' 6030920 5C0648
Let HdlEdit = FindWindowEx(hWnd1:=0, hWnd2:=0, lpsz1:="Notepad", lpsz2:="Neues Textdokument.txt - Editor"): Debug.Print "0, 0, " & HdlEdit & " " & Hex(HdlEdit) ' 0, 0, 984776 F06C8
End Sub
This will be required for the first argument of FindWindowEx, since I am "walking the tree", in this case one step
I will only talk around some of the important argument issues I will only talk around some of the important argument issues
Its best to get a good look at the Function and argument descriptions, for example here currently,
http://allapi.mentalis.org/apilist/FindWindowEx.shtml
, and remember that the original allapi.net site is very well archived at Archive org wayback machine, so most things can be found by trying something corresponding like this http://allapi.net/apilist/FindWindowEx.shtml
In the Wayback machine you would search for that http://allapi.net/apilist/FindWindowEx.shtml, like this https://imgur.com/35EeKLP https://i.postimg.cc/0N8B8MsP/Archiv...-Window-Ex.jpg
https://i.postimg.cc/fVrKCbyr/Archiv...-Window-Ex.jpg https://i.imgur.com/35EeKLP.jpeg
In fact, Archive org wayback machine seems to have the whole site very well archived so you can start at an archived main page, then use the links which seem to work to take you further. I will only talk around some of the important argument issues
The second main line, HdlEdit = FindWindowEx(hWnd1:=HdlTextFile, hWnd2:=0, lpsz1:="Edit", lpsz2:="") is demonstrating the common use of FindWindowEx
Phenomenon Null , Empty , Long zero 0& , vbNullString etc.
The third line is intended to give an indication of a phenomena that later will be noticed more significantly later: A Null . Empty , Long zero 0& , normal simple zero in some cases, can often have a specific meaning, and cannot always be treated so carelessly. This is yet another example of the more "dangerous" aspect of API which things like normal VBA and VB were designed to help protect us from.
This first example seems relatively harmless: I note that a simple 0 is satisfactory, whereas in other cases a 0& would be required
As noted I will not always give detailed explanation of all arguments, as having the list with explanations to hand is perhaps more useful/more efficient. The second hwnd argument is clearly an order in similar level things , type qualifier, and so its reasonable that a form of nothing given , 0, will likely still give us something useful, in this case perhaps the first or most important. It is difficult to be sure about these things. (For one reason people claiming to know seem a bit reluctant to give simple clear but detailed explanations.) The main argument, the first, being left at a form of nothing, 0, could be thought perhaps of dong a step of not step, in other words staying where you are. So it perhaps makes sense that we then get the handle returned of the main text file window, the same value as in the first main code line. Possibly what ever process moves a bit to find something and then give the answer, was called into play, but then not moved, so found the thing again that it last did, the thing in the current position.
1 Attachment(s)
If lngStyle And mcWSVISIBLE Then
If lngStyle And mcWSVISIBLE Then
If lngStyle And mcWSVISIBLE Then
Some notes, codings etc. in support of some other posts
https://eileenslounge.com/viewtopic....321979#p321979 https://eileenslounge.com/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=41610
https://www.excelfox.com/forum/showt...l=1#post249016
Introduction
A code line from the last post
, If lngStyle And mcWSVISIBLE Then
What’s going on? – Hans told me …. The number is looked at by VBA in its binary representation form, and each corresponding Bit at the same horizontal position for the two numbers is compared. This is referred to as bitwise AND of the binary representation of the numbers.
In simple terms, If at any position both are 1 , then the result will be true…..
It all started here:
I had some strange results that I did not understand. It boiled down to some code lines such as this returning True
If -1811939328 And 268435456 Then
, whilst similar such as this returning False
If -2046820352 And 268435456 Then
At first glance there is no thing obvious to see to explain the difference in behaviour in the two examples
So, because ExcelFox is the adult thinking man’s forum, we are going to have a good look at it.
Knowing the answer, or appearing to be close to knowing it, suggests we want initially to get those two decimals into some String like " 0 1 " representation of a number( Binary computer stuff " 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 " )
A couple of points to consider
_(i) A string type representation of a lot of 0s and 1s is a good idea so that we don’t have problems with things like leading 0s vanishing when Excel or VBA messes with the format of a number we may write: In binary computer things the number will have typically some fixed character length, so we should not mess with that, or let Excel or VBA mess with it
_(ii) The first Bit/first position is always reserved for the sign character, (which is 1 for a negative number, and that sort of leads to the phenomena that Anding two negative numbers always results in a True. But it is not quite so straight forward always.
It's an artefact, perhaps, of both how computers store negative numbers and the bit wise way that the VBA And works.
The following function to convert a decimal to binary is useful to know about and understand, but bare in mind that solving the main issue ended up being a bit more involved.
A simple function to get the string like binary 0s and 1s representation of a number.
The basic idea: (To keep it simple initially in this first summary, we will not concern ourselves directly with the actual unbar of digits in the binary string of 1s and 0s )
It’s basically all based on the school maths way of converting a decimal to binary…. Take the decimal number and divide it by a number got from a high power of 2;
__ If that division comes out >= 1 , then you have your first binary digit, starting from the left of 1; then you subtract that number which was the high power of 2 from the decimal number , so the decimal number under consideration is now smaller
__ Else when that division comes out < 1 , then you have your first binary digit of 0 starting from the left. You leave the decimal number at the size it is.
Now you do the same again using the next power of 2 down as the denominator to get the next binary digit to the right. Eventually you are down to (2 ^0) to get the last binary digit at the right
The actual implementation in the coding.
We decide on some length limit for the string. For now, based on an initial quick empirical look and guess, I will go for up to 30 powers of 2, ( (2 ^ N) = (2 ^ 30) ). I might change that later based on experience. A big one initially will hopefully catch numbers as big as we have. This means the string length will be 32 characters, as in the string like binary 0s and 1s representation we have (2 ^ 0) at the right, (2 ^ 30) at the left, and also an extra sign bit included to be the **first left character. ( ** As it turns out it is not quite as simple as that )
A simple function can be one that builds the string….
, first with a 0 or 1 is added to the string depending on if the decimal number being converted is negative or positive
, then we successively divide the number by (2 ^ N) where N goes from 30 to 0.
__ If the result of the division results in 1 or 1 and a fraction more, we add** ( ** add as in including another character, via a & "1" not maths add + ) a "1" to the string, and reduce the decimal number by that used (2 ^ N) , before moving to the next N.
__ Else the division results in less than 1, then we add a 0, (and do not reduce the decimal value)
, then move on to the next N
Code:
Sub TestNumberInBinary()
Debug.Print NumberInBinary(9) ' 00000000000000000000000000001001
Debug.Print NumberInBinary(268435456) ' 00010000000000000000000000000000
End Sub
Public Function NumberInBinary(ByVal DecNumber As Long) As String
Rem 1 A negative number in a computer binary representation has a 1 at the first character position
Let NumberInBinary = IIf(DecNumber < 0, "1", "0")
Rem 2 we successively divide the number by (2 ^ N) where N goes from 30 to 0. If the result of the division results in 1 or 1 and a fraction more, we add** ( ** add as in including another character, not maths add ) a 1 to the string, and reduce the decimal number by that (2 ^ N) before moving to the next N. If the division resilts in less than 1, we add a 0, then move on to the next N Divide the decimal number by 2 to the power of N, with N geting smaller. Every tine the resulting number is equal or bigger than 1 the binary bit would be 1 and the decimal number we reduce by that 2 to the N, and keep going
Dim N As Long
For N = 30 To 0 Step -1 ' 30 seems to be the limit before something is too big
If DecNumber / (2 ^ N) >= 1 Then
Let NumberInBinary = NumberInBinary & "1"
Let DecNumber = DecNumber - (2 ^ N)
Else
Let NumberInBinary = NumberInBinary & "0"
End If
Next N
End Function
A function to mimic the behaviour of the VBA And with numbers is very easy.
Simply
_ convert the two decimal numbers to a string in the form of the computer binary 0s and 1s representation, (using for example the function I did above)
_ then starting from the left compare the characters in the corresponding position in the two strings. As soon as you get a 1 in both , you make the functions returned output as True and exit the function, otherwise the function returns false if you never get a pair of 1s at the same horizontal position
Code:
Public Function NumbersInVBAIf_And_Then(ByVal Dec1 As Long, Dec2 As Long) As Boolean
Rem 1 the two decimal numbers to a string in the form of the computer binary 0s and 1s representation
Dim Bin1 As String, Bin2 As String ' String representation helps prevent loosing leading 0's
Let Bin1 = NumberInBinary(Dec1): Bin2 = NumberInBinary(Dec2)
Rem 2 starting from the left compare the characters in the corresponding position in the two strings. As soon as you get a 1 in both , you make the functions returned output as True and exit the function, otherwise the function returns false if you never get a pair of 1s
Dim TPwr As Long
For TPwr = 1 To 32 Step 1
If Mid(Bin1, TPwr, 1) = 1 And Mid(Bin2, TPwr, 1) = 1 Then Let NumbersInVBAIf_And_Then = True: Exit Function
Next TPwr
End Function
Conclusions, … Oh dear :(
I thought it was too good to be true. It did tons of tests, my coding is sound, and definitely does what I think it should with all data extremes
It doesn’t’ get the right bloody results though: ….Compare… as before, column D ( which effectively does what the main full codng does ) which gets the correct results.
Based on everything so far, this is the test coding to get results in column E
Code:
Sub TryMyFuncsNumberInBinaryNumbersInVBAIf_And_Then()
Range("E2:E20").Clear
Dim Rw As Long, arrRws() As Variant: Let arrRws() = Range("A1:C20").Value
For Rw = 2 To 20
Let Range("E" & Rw) = NumbersInVBAIf_And_Then(arrRws(Rw, 2), arrRws(Rw, 3))
Next Rw
End Sub
The results, however, speak for themselves..
https://i.postimg.cc/2jxYmcbH/Bollox.jpg
Attachment 6120 https://i.postimg.cc/2jxYmcbH/Bollox.jpg
Bollox
.... continued in next post
2’s Compliment Function Decimal To Binary conversion, section for negative Decimal numbers
2’s Compliment Function Decimal To Binary conversion, section for negative Decimal numbers
'== Rem 2 == 2's complement Negative Binary number from decimal ==========================
The coding is not written particularly efficient. It’s written in a way to help understand more clearly what is going on for learning purposes and better later revision
'2a) I see no fundamental reason not to work on the negative decimal number, but for clarity I make the decimal number to its absolute (positive) value here. (A sign change would do just as well here)
'2b) This section is once again possibly an inefficient thing to do, but for clarity, I find the power of 2 number ( value of N ) at which (2 ^ N) is equal or bigger than the (now considered as positive) decimal number. In effect we know the position where in simple normal binary the first 1 would go looking left to right, in other words we effectively have this value, ( at the (2 ^ 6) ) , when considering normal binary values
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ---- N from (2 ^ N)
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 ---- Normal binary number
For the above example, I am saying we are at the left first digit of a final binary number that , as example, would look in normal binary, if written as one might manually in maths class at school, as this
1 1 0 1 1 0 0
'2c) This section is just the classic school maths, as we did before a few times, of converting a decimal to a binary, just back to front with a 0 put where you would have put a 1 and visa versa. This is because, considering the last example again, we want to have the "flip" of that, so we actually want
0 0 1 0 0 1 1
'2c)(i) Using the above example again, I am at the start of constructing the string variable to be returned by the function, NumberInBinary2sCompliment, or rather , at the first significant part, effectively what would be the first 1 in normal binary. But, in actual fact, I want the "flip" of it. Rather than construct it and then flip it, which would be talking inefficiency a bit far, I construct it on the flip side as it where. So I add my first character to the string. It will be the flip of 1, so it will be 0
'2c)(ii)The first binary digit was known so added above, as was the reduction of the decimal value by the (2 ^ N) value. So now we continue the looping for the rest
I am using a Do While Loop for no particular reason, rather than a For Next Loop, - its just slightly simpler than having to have a variable, such as NN for the next N to use in a line like For N = NN To 0 Step -1 . But basically I do now the classic progression in school maths that we did a few times already, just back to front(flipped), i.e., with a 0 put where you would put a 1 and visa versa
So at the end of this section I have my final flipped binary number for the decimal value. In other words I have the exact flip of the normal binary for the decimal number.
'2d) I have the flip, so I now want to add a 1 in binary
I loop, effectively going from right to left along the binary number. Because of the way I add a 1 in binary, I effectively am looking for the next " empty" , that is to say 0 , in which to "dump" this 1. If however, I find a 1, I must change that 1 to a 0, and try again at the next left position. I am finished in this For Next loop as soon as I have "got rid" of the 1
At this point I sort of, have my final 2s Compliment binary number. But generally, a binary in computer workings has a fixed length , so that a normal number would then have a lot of 0s added to the left, or as many as needed to get the length, probably 32 I would guess. In this negative value 2s compliment, the basic idea is the same, except that 1s are added to the left.
'2e) This effectively adds 1s to the left to get the full digit size of a typical computer number ( remember the way I chose to do this , means that sections '2b) and '2c) may get me a small number of digits for a small decimal number, something like 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 , rather than a more typical in computing thing where unused digits are at 0, (for positive binary numbers ), like 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
So, three simple lines:
_ I make a variable of the length finally wanted. (The characters I use is irrelevant!!°)
_ The RSet statement puts my current 2s compliment binary number at the right of the made string, ( and the rest of the characters become spaces, - !!° hence the characters I used to make the string was irrelevant )
_ The spaces are changed to 1s
That’s it!, or rather this is it below – the full working function Function NumberInBinary2sCompliment(ByVal DecNumber As Long) As String
The over next post details a quick test of the function
Code:
' https://www.excelfox.com/forum/showthread.php/2989-Rough-Notes-and-posts-to-be-referenced-from-elsewhere-on-VBA-Windows-API?p=24922&viewfull=1#post24922
Public Function NumberInBinary2sCompliment(ByVal DecNumber As Long) As String
If Not DecNumber < 0 Then
Rem 1 Positive decimal number
Let NumberInBinary2sCompliment = NumberInBinary2sCompliment & "0" ' The first digit ( or last 32th if you prefer ) is included, 0 is for a positive number
' Here we go again with the classic school maths way of converting a decimal number to binary
Dim N As Long ' N is effectively the power of two at any time
For N = 30 To 0 Step -1 ' We can think of this as looping from left to right, down the power of 2 values. 30 seems to be the limit before something is too big
If DecNumber / (2 ^ N) >= 1 Then ' We need a 1 in the position, for this power of 2
Let NumberInBinary2sCompliment = NumberInBinary2sCompliment & "1" ' putting effectively a 1 in the position, for this power of 2
Let DecNumber = DecNumber - (2 ^ N) ' We have effectively accounted for an amount equal to this power of 2, so the decimal number we will further investigate must effectively be reduced
Else ' We cant effectively eat up am amount from the decimal of this value of power 2 as the decimal total is smaller, so the binary string needs a 0 at this position
Let NumberInBinary2sCompliment = NumberInBinary2sCompliment & "0"
End If
Next N ' We effectively go to the next power of 2 down
Exit Function ' We are finished here for a positive decimal number
Else ' The case of a negative decimal number
'== Rem 2 == 2's 2's complement Negative Binary number from decimal ===============================
'2a)
Let DecNumber = Abs(DecNumber) ' We know we are negative, that will be taken care of automatically later as a result of making all unused digits 1. I could probably fiddle the maths below to work on negative numbers, but just for lazy comvenmience I will make the decimal number positive here
'2b) This bit brings me
Let N = 30 ' Back to the start left of our powers of 2
Dim Frac As Double: Let Frac = DecNumber / (2 ^ N)
Do While Frac < 1 ' We want to get to the number of digits needed for the number when in normal binary representation. Mostly lazy convenience I think so as to see a nice smaller amount of 0s and 1s when testing/ debugging
Let N = N - 1
Let Frac = DecNumber / (2 ^ N)
Loop ' While Frac < 1 ' I am effectibely working from left to right along the power to 2 range,
'2c) The classic school maths of converting a decimal to a binary, just back to front (fliped) with a 0 put where you would put a 1 and visa versa
'2c)(i) In normal binary I know I want my first 1,
Let NumberInBinary2sCompliment = "0" ' so we have as many digits as we need and we know the first digit would be 1 in binary , but in 2sCompliment it will be "0"
Let DecNumber = DecNumber - (2 ^ N) ' this and the last line are effectively the first use of the If section in the school maths way of converting a decimal to a binary
'2c)(ii)
Do While N <> 0
Let N = N - 1
If DecNumber / (2 ^ N) >= 1 Then ' The next 3 code lines are the classic progression in school maths, just back to front(flipped) with a 0 put where you would put a 1 and visa versa
Let NumberInBinary2sCompliment = NumberInBinary2sCompliment & "0"
Let DecNumber = DecNumber - (2 ^ N)
Else
Let NumberInBinary2sCompliment = NumberInBinary2sCompliment & "1"
End If
Loop ' While N <> 0
'2d) add 1 in binary maths
Dim ToAdd As Long: Let ToAdd = 1 ' I have 1 and I need to get rid of it. (##I don't need the variable, I could use just a 1 in place of it) I work from the right of the binary number and effectively dump it on the first position with a 0 If the positon is 1 already, I must changer that to 0 , - a bit like reaching 10 in normal maths, where you leave aa 0 then carry the 1 over to the next column/digit on the left, then try again to get rid of the 1
For N = Len(NumberInBinary2sCompliment) To 1 Step -1 ' Effectively going from right to left along the binary number
If Mid(NumberInBinary2sCompliment, N, 1) = 0 Then ' I can dump my 1 here then i am finished with this section
Mid(NumberInBinary2sCompliment, N, 1) = ToAdd ' ##I don't need the variable, I could use just a 1 in place of it
Let ToAdd = 0 ' I don't need this as I am finished here.
Exit For ' As soon as we got rid of the 1 to add, we are finished
Else ' I must have come acros a 1
Mid(NumberInBinary2sCompliment, N, 1) = 0 ' I hit a 1, so 1+1 in binary is like reaching 10 in normal maths, where you leave aa 0 then carry the 1 over to the next column/digit on the left, then try again to get rid of the 1
End If
Next N ' Go to next character to the left to see if it is 0 so that I can get rid of the 1 ToAdd
'2e) ' my final binary number could be short or long at this point depending on the size of the original decimal number. This ssection
Dim BiffaBin As String: Let BiffaBin = String$(32, " ") ' Make a string of the length I want, (The characters I use is irrelevant!!)
RSet BiffaBin = NumberInBinary2sCompliment ' The RSet statement puts my current 2s compliment binary number at the right of the made string, ( and the rest of the characters become spaces, hence the characters I used to make the string was irrelevant!! )
Let NumberInBinary2sCompliment = Replace(BiffaBin, " ", "1", 1, -1, vbBinaryCompare) '
End If
End Function
